The software architecture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The software architecture - Assignment Example The software application architecture is a basic structure that should meet all the software application requirements including technical as well as operational. The objective of developing software architecture is that the under development software application should qualify all the quality parameters defined in the architecture. The generic quality attributes include but are not limited to the performance, modifiability, reliability, interoperability, maintainability, portability, efficiency, effectiveness and security. It is pertinent to mention here that the advantages of using the software application cannot be achieved if the software application does not accomplish the quality parameters specified in the software architecture.   A definition of the software architecture provided by the Mary Shaw and David Garlan has been modified and refined by Grady Booch, Rich Reitman, Philippe Kruchten and Kurt Bittner. Moreover, the same has been provided by Microsoft at their website: â€Å"Software architecture encompasses the set of significant decisions about the organization of a software system including the selection of the structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is composed; behavior as specified in collaboration among those elements; composition of these structural and behavioral elements into larger subsystems; and an architectural style that guides this organization. There are few principles or guidelines require remembering while developing architecture of the software application.

American Foreign Policy In The 20th Century Politics Essay

American Foreign Policy In The 20th Century Politics Essay ..every nation which desires to maintain its freedom (and), its independence must ultimately realise that the right of such independence cannot be separated from the responsibility of making good use of it. The 20th century has often been referred to as the American Century. Throughout the last century, the United States of America (USA or US) has been involved in every significant international political event and incident. Despite war having been brought to its shores only once during the Century, with the bombing of Pearl Harbour during the Second World War, the United States, as it is commonly referred to, has participated in several international wars and regional military conflicts during the 20th century, either directly or indirectly. Today American strength, prestige and influence are so great that Washington is inevitably a factor in every international equation and the global dynamics, whether it is nuclear disarmament, combating terrorism, environmental change or economic slowdown. As the sole superpower in the world today, Americas influence in world affairs can simply not be escaped. In achieving such stature, a substantial role has been played by Americas Foreign Policy. Several scholars generally tend to regard the nature of American Foreign Policy to be reactionary. The common refrain that emerges from their studies and analyses is that American Foreign Policy in the 20th century has been primarily a defensive response to the actions of other world powers. They claim that during the initial decades after independence, the United States largely followed a policy of Isolationism and aspired to remain neutral in the international political upheavals of the period. Later, when the United States commenced proactive participation in international affairs, American Foreign Policy, it is claimed, never harboured hegemonic aspirations. On the other hand, a large section of the world considers the United States to be essentially an imperious state. The champion of liberal democracy has often been labelled a neo-imperialist country and its Foreign Policy perceived to be predominantly pursuing parochial and self-seeking agenda. It is claimed by this section that, under the garb of altruistic intent, the United States endeavours to spread its hegemony in the world. Over the decades, American Foreign Policy is seen to have acted purely in response to its own appraisal of emerging international situations and incidents. These appraisals have not been based on a collective assessment by the worlds leading nations but instead have been overwhelmingly based on American thoughts and habits. The Foreign Policy of any nation is indeed pursued to promote its interests and to further its objectives in the international arena. Every nation seeks to engage other nations of the world fundamentally to safeguard its own interests and ensure prosperity, whether economic or political, for itself. It is widely accepted that such engagement must occur in a manner that does not transgress the sovereignty of a nation or violate the accepted norms of civilised existence. American Foreign Policy is commonly perceived to often cast aside these norms and aggressively pursue what is considered by many as a parochial agenda. Even as the sole superpower maintains that its actions are motivated by altruistic intent and benevolence towards the lesser privileged nations, its influence and stature in international affairs has grown over the years which in turn, has apparently intensified the imperiousness and hegemonic attitude of the United States. METHODOLOGY Statement Of The Problem The aim of this research is to study the Foreign Policy of the United States of America and the appraisals that have influenced such policy actions so as to conclude whether the United States has engaged in an imperious conduct in international affairs and pursued a hegemonic outlook. Hypothesis Common beliefs and perceptions predominantly suggest that American Foreign Policy has been a reaction to the developments in the world, implying that the United States had essentially been an innocent victim of circumstances. Such perceptions emphatically harp upon the Isolationism policy and neutral attitude of American Foreign Policy as proof of Americas altruism. This research holds such inferences to be only partly correct, if not completely incorrect. It is maintained that the United States of America has always pursued a foreign policy purely to further its own interests without regard to international norms and opinion. The country has steadily shaped its foreign policy well in anticipation of developments and in some cases even without reasonable instigation. American Foreign Policy is considered to be parochial and imperious in nature. Scope Of The Research The turn of the 19th century was a watershed event in American Foreign Policy. It marked a distinct change from the earlier non-interventionist attitude to an outward looking and global approach. This altered stance has been the essence of the American Foreign Policy ever since. This research will examine the principal episodes and events relating to American Foreign Policy between the years 1900 to 2000. Foreign Policy is a reflection of a nations past as much as it is the response to contemporaneous matters. Therefore, to lend perspective as well as a background to the study, this research will briefly dwell upon Americas historical foreign relations prior 1900. History and past events can be objectively assessed only if they are examined in a detached manner. Their study must not influenced by present happenings and current thoughts or perceptions. This research will therefore terminate with the year 2000 because only a decade has elapsed since, which may not adequate to lend objectivity to the study after that period. Organisation Of The Research Foreign Policy of a nation is invariably an evolutionary process. While being a response to current and likely future issues, it relies heavily on past experiences. It either builds upon and consolidates the past successes or learns from its past mistakes and failures. Foreign policy responses to completely new issues tend to derive lesson from past instances of similar nature. This research has, therefore, been undertaken in a chronological order. The study has been chapterised into periods between key international events that influenced the American Foreign Policy. The study is accordingly divided as follows :- Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. Chapter II Historic Backdrop. (Covers the period from the American Independence to the end of the 19th century.) Chapter III Upto the First World War. (Covers the period from the beginning of the 20th century till the First World War.) Chapter IV Inter War Years. (Covers the period between the two World Wars.) Chapter V Cold War Era. (Covers the period following the Second World War till the fall of Communism in the early 1990s.) Chapter VI Post Cold War. (Covers the last decade of the 20th century.) Chapter VII Conclusion. (Summary and Inferences.) Method of Data Collection The data referred to during the course of this research was obtained from published books on the subject. Opinions, analyses and facts were also obtained from various internet resources, journals, periodicals and newspapers of repute. It was endeavoured to consult material from both sides of the divide. Works of Western as well as non-Western authors were referred, to lend objectivity to the study. All sources used for this research have been listed in the bibliography at the end of the research. Important citations and references for specific parts of the study have also been mentioned in the main part of the study in the form of end-notes after each chapter.

The Diver :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Diver† Robert Currie’s â€Å"The Diver†, on the surface, recounts a diver’s descent and ascent into a river as onlookers eagerly anticipate his fate. Beneath the surface, this poem is actually very spiritual. The diver’s descent into the water, and his arising from the water, can be compared to the crucifixion of Jesus. Through the masterful use of imagery and Biblical comparisons, Currie depicts the message that rebirth and hope can captivate and revitalize our spirits. An essential key to the theme of â€Å"The Diver† is through the subtle yet prevailing use of Biblical references. From the very beginning of Currie’s poem, a simile is used when describing the â€Å"bridge like a Roman fort†. This helps to set the tone that something important is about to happen and also provides a Biblical base to the structure of the poem. Lines four to six describe the man’s journey up towards the bridge. This journey can be compared to Jesus’ struggle towards the top of the hill where he was crucified. Perhaps this man was also carrying a â€Å"load on his shoulders†, so to speak. The poem becomes even more Biblical as â€Å"others bet upon his chance†, much like Jesus’ own fate. As the diver prepares for the inevitable, his situation has Biblical meaning. â€Å"At the summit of the span he rose/ his arms outstretched/ flung a cross against the sun†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, are perhaps three of the most powerful lin es in the poem. These lines are followed by much anticipation from the crowd below. The dive symbolizes the end of something, which is also supported when â€Å"The river circling away/ grew silent as held breath/ still as death†. These lines make is seem as though everything, and everyone, even the river, are â€Å"holding their breath† in anticipation of the outcome of the dive. Then, starting at line twenty-one, the rebirth begins, as, â€Å"from unknown depths/ his head broke the water/ shook out a crown of sunlit spray. There is a strong Biblical presence in the comparisons used in this poem, which help to support the theme of hope and rebirth, while providing powerful imagery. A vital element of Currie’s â€Å"The Diver† is the strong presence of imagery, which helps to sustain the theme of captivating hope. The image of â€Å"the solitary figure† provokes a strong sense of despair, followed by his painful struggle â€Å"up the arch†. The images give the impression that the events are unfolding in a captivating slow-motion means.

Pros and Cons of Probation and Parole Essay

1. What are the competing expectations for probation and parole are often made scapegoats? Americans want greater protection from crime while insisting that efforts to afford this protection do not jeopardize treasured constitutional rights. We want a system that deters would be miscreants an incapacitates those not deterred without imposing significant tax dollars . 3.How does the abolition of parole release impact on probation? the abolishing of parole may increase the number of people on probation, for example Virgina abolished parole release in 1995 and the number of persons placed on probation more then double. 5. Why can criminal justice in the United States be referred to as a system that is not systematic? There is a lack of joint planning and budgeting, or even systematic consultation, among the various agencies responsible for criminal justice. 7.Why can’t it be determined whether a probationer or parolee has been rehabilitated by the absence of a new conviction? Consider that most reported crimes do not result in an arrest and conviction, futhermore, national crime victimization surveys reveal that most crimes are simply not reported to the police. 9. How did the classical concept of a social contract challenge disparate justice? The disparate practices of meeting out justice were forcefully challenged in the eighteenth century with the advent of classicalism. During this era, philosophers, such as Montesquieu and Voltaire, spoke out aganist the French penal code and inhumane and ineqitable punishments. Jean Rousseau and Cesare Beccaria argued for a radical concept of justice based on equality. At a time when laws and law enforcement were unjust and disparate and punishments was often brultal, they demanded justice based on equality and punishment that was humane and proportionate to the offence. 11. How does neoclassicalism in criminal justice differ from classicalism? classicalism argued that law should respect neither rank nor station-all men are created equal-and punishment should be meted out with a perfect uniformity and in proportion to the offense. Neoclassicalism differs from classicalism because it maintains the basic belief in free will while paving the way for entry of mitigation into criminal justice by considering three areas, past criminal record, insanity and retardation, and age. Punishment can be justified only if crime is freely chosen, intentional, and rational. 13. How does determinism conflict with the concept of punishment? Punishment can be justified only if crime is freely chosen, intentional, and rational. Determinism conflicts with this because determinism suggest a lack of choice, particularly the belief that one’s behavior is â€Å"determined† by physiological or psychological variables. 15. How does the standard of evidence in a criminal trial differ from that of a probation or parole revocation hearing? Every jury is told that the facts pointing to the guilt of the defendent must be established beyond reasonable doubt, as opposed to the preponderance of the evidence, which is the standard in the civil and some juvenile cases as well as probation and parole revocation hearings. 17. What are the sources of information for the preparation of presentence report? the source of information comes from court records, examine other reports, such as psychiatric and school records; and interview the defendent, spouse, employer, arresting officer, and victim. information from from the presentence investigation will be prepared in the from of a written preparation of presentence report.

Bar Codes Case Essay

1. (a). A bar code is a series of lines which differ in thickness and space in between each other which contain data to provide certain information on the product such as the Manufacturer, Product Description, and the Size. The purpose of the bar code is to simplify the amount of data which the staff needs to know and recognise by memory as all of the data is stored of the company computer. (b). Information that is contained in the bar code contains are the unique ID number which is the code number. (c). Information that is not contained in the bar code would be, in most cases, the price as all different shops which stock the product might need to charge different amounts. Also would be the manufacturers name, the product description, and the size and in some cases also the price as these would all be entered into the shops computer by someone. 2. (a). The barcode is entered into the computer/register by the scanner shooting a beam of light which will interpret the barcode. Once this has been recognised as a valid product the information relating to that barcode will be received from the main computer and the relative information will be displayed/. (b). If the barcode cannot be scanned then the person at the till would enter the barcode in manually with the set of numbers which are linked with the barcode into the computer to mark the item as paid. (c). Fresh fruit, vegetables and items from the delicatessen counter are dealt by either the customer weighing and putting a unique barcode on the bag themselves or by the person at the till weighing them and then manually entering the amount to pay into the register to add onto the final bill. (d). The chip and pin process is used by a person inserting their card and putting in their pin code instead of signing the bill using their signature. When they have put in their pin code and pressed enter the computer will verify that the code that the person has entered is the same as the card code and if it is the transaction would of succeeded but it they got it wrong they will either have to do their signature or they will have to prove that their card is theirs or they could be charged with fraud. (e). After the payment has been made the supermarket computer will add all of the items bought to their reordering list so that the bulk order is read to put in once they have reached their minimum stock level. (f). Incentives that regular customers could have would be the method of a club card or loyalty/reward card which can be used to either get money off the final payment or using points towards an item for money off. They could also give out school vouchers to get either computer or PE equipment. 4. (a). Advantages to the customer of using the computers in the supermarket is that there will be less chance of any errors, and also there will be more information about the item and a faster service. (b). Disadvantages to the customer of using computers is that the computer may not be working due to technical problems and may give the wrong information or it may not be working at all. 5. The list that would be given to a student for his after school job would be on a handheld device so that he would walk round and find out what needs to be re-stocked. This would be loaded from the main computer list of what is /is not on the shelves. 6. (a). The manager can find out what stock needs to be re-ordered by checking what has been bought since the last time he checked and what ever has been bought then it would need to be re-ordered. (b). The human would check the re-order list before the order is placed to make sure that all of the items have been entered correctly and that no items had been left off the list. He also needs to verify the stock levels. 7. Stock on the shelves and in the warehouse might not match the stock file on the computer if stock had somehow been made unusable such as being damaged or if the product has expired or if the item has been stolen. 8. (a). Advantages to the supermarkets of using computers are that they will not lose any money by making human calculated errors, (b). disadvantages to the supermarket of using computers is that the supermarket will be totally dependant on the machines and also training would be needed.